Key events which led to Isaaq genocide in Somalia?

Introduction

The Isaaq genocide, also known as the Hargeisa Holocaust, was a tragic event in Somalia’s history that unfolded between 1987 and 1989. Several key events led to this atrocity

Political Tensions and Oppression

Rise of Siad Barre’s Dictatorship

In 1969, Siad Barre came to power through a military coup, establishing an oppressive regime that favored certain clans over others.

Discrimination Against Issues

The Barre regime increasingly marginalized the Isaaq clan, leading to growing resentment and opposition.

Economic Warfare

1981 Economic Policies

The Barre regime declared economic warfare on Somalis from the northwest, specifically targeting the Isaaq clan.

Formation of Opposition

Creation of the Somali National Movement (SNM)

In response to the regime’s oppressive policies, Isaaq businesspeople, students, and former politicians founded the SNM in London in April 1981.

Escalation of Conflict

SNM Incursions

As the SNM increased its activities in Isaaq-majority areas, the government’s response became increasingly brutal.

1988 Northern Somalia Offensive

The SNM launched a major offensive in northern Somalia, capturing key cities.

Government’s Genocidal Response

Systematic Targeting of Isaaqs

The Barre regime responded with a campaign of systematic violence against Isaaq civilians, including:

Indiscriminate killings and executions

Aerial bombardment of civilian areas

Destruction of Isaaq settlements and water points

Use of rape as a weapon of war

Creation of “Dabar Goynta Isaac

The regime formed a mechanized unit called “The Isaaq Exterminators,” consisting of non-Isaaqs, to carry out attacks on Isaaq civilians.

International Factors

1988 Ethiopia-Somalia Agreement

A deal signed between Somalia and Ethiopia in April 1988 cut off SNM’s support from Ethiopia, leading the SNM to intensify its operations within Somalia.

Conclusion

These events culminated in the Isaaq genocide, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 Isaaq civilians, with some local reports suggesting up to 200,000 casualties. The genocide also led to the destruction of major cities like Hargeisa and Burao, and forced hundreds of thousands of Isaaqs to flee as refugees.