Introduction

Turkey has supported various Syrian opposition groups throughout the Syrian civil war, primarily through the formation and backing of the Syrian National Army (SNA). The SNA, established in December 2017, is a coalition of rebel factions aligned with the Syrian Interim Government and operates mainly in areas of northern Syria under Turkish influence. Its primary objectives include countering the Syrian government forces and opposing the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a Kurdish-led alliance.

Among the factions within the SNA are:

Sultan Murad Division

A group with a significant Turkmen presence, known for its close ties to Turkey and participation in various military operations, including those against the Islamic State and Kurdish forces.

Ahrar al-Sharqiya

Composed mainly of fighters from eastern Syria, this faction has been involved in multiple conflicts and has faced allegations of human rights abuses.

Syrian Turkmen Brigades

Representing the Turkmen minority in Syria, these brigades have received Turkish support and have been active in battles against both Syrian government forces and Kurdish groups.

Conclusion

Turkey’s support for these groups has included funding, military training, and artillery and aerial assistance, aiming to establish a “safe zone” along its border and counter Kurdish militias it considers linked to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). This involvement has significantly influenced the dynamics of the Syrian conflict, especially in northern regions.