Introduction

Iraq has played a significant role in the Syrian conflict and has maintained a complex relationship with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. This relationship has evolved over time, with Iraq providing crucial support to the Assad regime during the Syrian Civil War.

Iraq’s Role in the Syrian War

Diplomatic Support

Iraq has consistently offered diplomatic backing to the Assad regime since the outbreak of the Syrian uprising in 2011. Unlike many Arab states that severed ties with Syria, Iraq abstained from voting to suspend Syria from the Arab League in November 2011. This diplomatic support helped Assad maintain a semblance of legitimacy and prevented complete regional isolation.

Military Cooperation

Iraq has been involved in military efforts that indirectly aided Assad’s government:

Fighting ISIS

The Iraqi military and allied Popular Mobilization Units (PMUs) contributed to the defeat of the Islamic State (IS) in both Iraq and Syria. This allowed Assad to redirect his forces to other fronts in western Syria.

Strategic Depth for Iran

Iraq provided Iran, a mutual ally of both countries, with strategic depth to support Assad. This included allowing Iranian Quds Force operations to cross the Syrian-Iraqi border.

Economic Lifeline

Prior to the Syrian uprising, Iraq had become Syria’s number one export partner. During the conflict, Iraq continued to provide economic support, helping Assad’s regime survive international sanctions.

Iraq-Syria Relationship

Historical Context

The relationship between Iraq and Syria has been complex throughout modern history, marked by periods of rivalry and cooperation. However, the emergence of a pro-Iranian political order in post-Ba’athist Iraq paved the way for improved relations with Assad’s Syria.

Recent Developments

In July 2023, Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani made the first official visit to Syria by an Iraqi premier since 2011. This visit aimed to:

Secure the shared border from IS militants and drug trafficking.

Bolster economic ties between the two countries.

Discuss joint efforts in combating terrorism and implementing Iraq’s “Route of Development”.

Shared Interests

Iraq and Syria have several overlapping concerns:

Security

Both countries face threats from extremist groups and are interested in border security.

Refugees

The situation in al-Hol camp in northeastern Syria, housing many displaced Iraqis and former IS fighters, is a major concern for Iraq.

Water Issues

Both countries are affected by water scarcity and climate change impacts.

Economic Interests

Iraq has expressed interest in extending its oil pipeline through Syrian territory.

Regional Dynamics

Iraq’s relationship with Syria is influenced by its ties to Iran, as all three countries form part of the so-called “Axis of Resistance”. This alliance has implications for regional politics and conflicts, including the ongoing Israel-Hamas war.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Iraq has been a vital ally to Assad’s regime throughout the Syrian conflict, providing diplomatic, economic, and indirect military support. The relationship between the two countries continues to evolve, driven by shared security concerns, economic interests, and regional alliances.